- dir() can be customised with __ dir __ special method:
[code lang="python"] Python 2.6a0 (trunk:54427, Mar 18 2007, 14:13:42) [GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Computer, Inc. build 5367)] on darwin Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
class A(object): ... pass ... dir(A()) ['class', 'delattr', 'dict', 'doc', ... ] class B(object): ... def dir(self): ... return [] ... dir(B())
[] class C(object): ... def init(self): ... self.attrs = {'special_attr': 'got it'} ... def getattr(self, attr): ... if attr in self.attrs: ... return self.attrs[attr] ... def dir(self):
... return self.attrs.keys() ... c = C() c.special_attr 'got it' dir(c) ['special_attr'] [/code]
urllib2 raises URLError instead of OSError if you try to access something with the file:// protocol and it fails.
urllib raises IOError if the server’s response contains an invalid HTTP status line.
%VAR% and “~user” are expanded correctly in Windows with ntpath.expandvars()!
pdb gains a run command to restart the debugger with optional different arguments.
ctypes module has a c_bool type.
You can get the documentation of a thing with pydoc.render_doc():
[code lang="python"]
import pydoc pydoc.doc('os') # this pages the doc pydoc.render_doc('os') # this prints on stdout 'Python Library Documentation: module os\n\nN\x08NA\x08AM\x08ME\x08E\n os - OS routines for Mac, NT, or Posix depending on what system we\'re on.\n\nF\x08FI\x08IL\x08LE\x08E\n ... ' [/code]
- Finally the timeit module accept callables in addition of strings. See repeat() and timeit() for details:
[code lang="python"]
import timeit print timeit.repeat(lambda: xrange(100)) [0.64829111099243164, 0.63839888572692871, 0.63987302780151367] print timeit.repeat(lambda: range(100))
[2.9226858615875244, 2.9176130294799805, 2.9172840118408203] print timeit.timeit(lambda: xrange(100)) 0.637830018997 print timeit.timeit(lambda: range(100)) 2.88584208488 [/code]
- By default textwrap.wrap() drops whitespaces at the end (or the start) of the text, now you can avoid that and preserve all the text:
[code lang="python"]
import textwrap print textwrap.wrap("A "* 100) ['A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A', 'A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A', 'A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A'] print textwrap.wrap("A "* 100, drop_whitespace=False) ['A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ', 'A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ', 'A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A '] [/code]
see that every string in the second example has its trailing whitespace.
- os.walk() can follow symlinks now:
[code lang="python"] rhymes@groove ~ % ll temp total 8 drwxr-xr-x 3 rhymes rhymes 102B Mar 18 14:49 a/ lrwxr-xr-x 1 rhymes rhymes 5B Mar 18 14:49 link@ -> /Users/rhymes/Documents
import os for root, dirs, files in walk('temp'):
... print root, dirs, files ... temp ['a', 'link'] [] temp/a [] ['foo'] for root, dirs, files in walk('temp', followlinks=True): ... print root, dirs, files ... temp ['a', 'link'] [] temp/a [] ['foo'] temp/link ['.parallels-vm-directory', ...] [/code]
read the doc as usual for details.
webbrowser has been fixed to use GNOME, KDE, Windows default browsers.
os.path module has a function to retrieve the relative path of paths:
[code lang="python"]
os.path.relpath('/Library/Frameworks') '../../../../Library/Frameworks' os.path.relpath('/Library/Frameworks', start='..') '../../../Library/Frameworks' [/code]
